Pruebas no invasivas para el tamizaje del cáncer colon: fundamentos básico-clínicos y recientes avances biotecnológicos / Non-invasive tests for colorectal cancer screening: basic-clinical fundamentals and recent biotechnological advances

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent neoplasia worldwide. Despite the significant advances in surgical techniques and the development of new targeted antineoplastic therapies for this type of tumor, primary prevention and early diagnosis of malignant precursor lesions will continue to be the best strategies to reduce their incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Technologies for CRC screening can be classified into two groups, those of an invasive nature, such as colonoscopy and all its different modalities of use, and those of a non-invasive nature, such as laboratory tests and imaging. This review, will focus exclusively on non-invasive screening tests, excluding imaging. Specifically, it will address those that use depositions as a sample. This review will approach the latest international recommendations, regarding the age at which they should be used, their technical-biological bases, the two main types currently used (biochemical and immunological), and we will put into perspective their advantages and their possible disadvantages. Towards the end of this article, the most recent biotechnological developments in relation to molecular tests based on the study of blood samples, will be discussed. Although these tests are not yet in routine clinical use given their high costs, they are promising for the early detection of CRC.

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la tercera neoplasia más común en todo el mundo. A pesar de los avances significativos en las técnicas quirúrgicas y en el desarrollo de nuevas terapias antineoplásicas para este tipo de tumor, la prevención primaria y el diagnóstico precoz de lesiones precursoras malignas siguen siendo las mejores estrategias para reducir la incidencia, morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas al CCR. Existen dos tipos de tecnologías para el tamizaje del CCR: las invasivas, como la colonoscopia, y las no invasivas, como los ensayos de laboratorio y la imagenología. Esta revisión, se centrará exclusivamente en las pruebas de tamizaje no invasivas que utilizan muestras de deposiciones, excluyendo las imágenes. Se abordarán las últimas recomendaciones internacionales sobre el momento etario en que se deben utilizar, sus bases técnico-biológicas, los dos principales tipos utilizados en la actualidad (bioquímico e inmunológico) y pondremos en perspectiva sus ventajas y posibles desventajas. Al final de esta revisión, se discutirá brevemente los últimos avances biotecnológicos relacionados con pruebas moleculares basadas en el estudio de muestras sanguíneas. Aunque estas pruebas aún no son de uso clínico habitual debido a sus altos costos, representan una prometedora innovación para la detección temprana del CCR.

Methylated SDC2 testing in stool DNA for early screening of colorectal cancer in Shipai Town, Dongguan City / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To explore the utility of stool-based DNA test of methylated SDC2 (mSDC2) for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in residents of Shipai Town, Dongguan City. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Using a cluster sampling method, residents of 18 villages in Shipai Town, Dongguan City were screened for CRC from May 2021 to February 2022. In this study, mSDC2 testing was employed as a preliminary screening method. Colonoscopy examination was recommended for individuals identified as high-risk based on the positive mSDC2 tests. The final screening results, including the rate of positive mSDC2 tests, the rate of colonoscopy compliance, the rate of lesions detection, and the cost-effectiveness of screening, were analyzed to explore the benefits of this screening strategy. Results: A total of 10 708 residents were enrolled and completed mSDC2 testing, giving a participation rate of 54.99% (10 708/19 474) and a pass rate of 97.87% (10 708/10 941). These individuals included 4 713 men (44.01%) and 5 995 women (55.99%) with a mean age of (54.52±9.64) years. The participants were allocated to four age groups (40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-74 years), comprising 35.21%(3770/10 708), 36.25% (3882/10 708), 18.84% (2017/10 708), and 9.70% (1039/10 708) of all participants, respectively. mSDC2 testing was positive in 821/10 708 (7.67%) participants, 521 of whom underwent colonoscopy, resulting in a compliance rate of 63.46% (521/821). After eliminating of 8 individuals without pathology results, data from 513 individuals were finally analyzed. Colonoscopy detection rate differed significantly between age groups (χ2=23.155, P<0.001),ranging from a low of 60.74% in the 40-49 year age group to a high of 86.11% in the 70-74 year age group. Colonoscopies resulted in the diagnosis of 25 (4.87%) CRCs, 192 (37.43%) advanced adenomas, 67 (13.06%) early adenomas, 15 (2.92%) serrated polyps, and 86 (16.76%) non- adenomatous polyps. The 25 CRCs were Stage 0 in 14 (56.0%) individuals, stage I in 4 (16.0%), and Stage II in 7(28.0%). Thus, 18 of the detected CRCs were at an early stage. The early detection rate of CRCs and advanced adenomas was 96.77% (210/217). The rate of mSDC2 testing for all intestinal lesions was 75.05% (385/513). In particular, the financial benefit of this screening was 32.64 million yuan, and the benefit-cost ratio was 6.0. Conclusion: Screening for CRCs using stool-based mSDC2 testing combined with colonoscopy has a high lesion detection rate and a high cost-effectiveness ratio. This is a CRC screening strategy that deserves to be promoted in China.

China National Lung Cancer Screening Guideline with Low-dose Computed Tomography (2023 Version) / 中国肺癌杂志

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. The effectiveness of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening has been further validated in recent years, and significant progress has been made in research on identifying high-risk individuals, personalizing screening interval, and management of screen-detected findings. The aim of this study is to revise China national lung cancer screening guideline with LDCT (2018 version). The China Lung Cancer Early Detection and Treatment Expert Group (CLCEDTEG) designated by the China's National Health Commission, and China Lung Oncolgy Group experts, jointly participated in the revision of Chinese lung cancer screening guideline (2023 version). This revision is based on the recent advances in LDCT lung cancer screening at home and abroad, and the epidemiology of lung cancer in China. The following aspects of the guideline were revised: (1) lung cancer risk factors besides smoking were considered for the identification of high risk population; (2) LDCT scan parameters were further classified; (3) longer screening interval is recommended for individuals who had negative LDCT screening results for two consecutive rounds; (4) the follow-up interval for positive nodules was extended from 3 months to 6 months; (5) the role of multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT) in the management of positive nodules, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer were emphasized. This revision clarifies the screening, intervention and treatment pathways, making the LDCT screening guideline more appropriate for China. Future researches based on emerging technologies, including biomarkers and artificial intelligence, are needed to optimize LDCT screening in China in the future.
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Comentario al artículo "Percepción de los adultos mayores acerca de su calidad de vida. Una perspectiva desde el contexto familiar" / Comment on article: "Perception of older adults about their quality of life. A perspective from the familial context"

En esta carta al editor, se discute la metodología y las características de los adultos mayores mexicanos en el estudio "Percepción de los adultos mayores acerca de su calidad de vida. Una perspectiva desde el contexto familiar".

In this letter to the editor, it is discussed the methodology and the characteristics of Mexican older adults of the study "Perception of older adults about their quality of life. A perspective from the familial context".

Situación nutricional y acciones implementadas en niños internados en salas de cuidados intermedios y moderados de un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Nutritional status and actions implemented in children admitted to intermediate and moderate care wards of a tertiary-care pediatric hospital in the city of Buenos Aires

Introducción: La malnutrición es un estado de deficiencia o exceso de nutrientes que provoca efectos nocivos y puede alterar el crecimiento aumentando la morbi-mortalidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Incluyó niños/as de 1-18 años hospitalizados entre 2016-2018. Se obtuvieron datos de caracterización de la muestra y antropométricos. La herramienta de tamizaje nutricional pediátrico (HTNP) se utilizó para detectar riesgo nutricional y en este subgrupo se analizó: variación de peso, intervención nutricional, complicaciones infecciosas y estadía hospitalaria. El análisis de variables se realizó con SPSS Statistics 20. Resultados: Se evaluaron 745 pacientes, 373 niñas (50,1%). Mediana de edad 7,3 años. Estancia hospitalaria media de 4 días (1-123). Se observó 5,9% emaciados, 56,4% eutróficos, 16,8% sobrepeso y 20,9% obesidad. Con baja talla 13%. Se detectó riesgo nutricional con HTNP en 50,7% de los ingresos. Las patologías de base más frecuentes fueron cardiopatías y neoplasias. En pacientes con riesgo nutricional: estadía hospitalaria media de 5 días, 13,5% cursó con infecciones intrahospitalarias, 68% mantuvo o aumentó de peso durante la internación, 13,5% requirió apoyo nutricional (más utilizado el gavage en 59%). Conclusiones: El niño hospitalizado se encuentra en una situación de vulnerabilidad, por lo que el tamizaje y evaluación nutricional resultan acciones claves para prevenir el deterioro nutricional. En los niños con malnutrición las acciones llevadas a cabo por el Nutricionista Clínico como integrante del equipo de atención, revisten un rol clave para promover y garantizar el derecho de los pacientes a la alimentación adecuada y así mejorar su condición nutricional. (AU)

Introduction: Malnutrition is a state of nutrient deficiency or excess that causes harmful effects and can alter growth increasing morbidity and mortality. Materials and methods: retrospective, descriptive study. Children aged 1-18 years admitted to the hospital between 2016-2018 were included. Sample characterization and anthropometric data were collected. The pediatric nutritional screening tool (PNST) was used to identify nutritional risk and in this subgroup we analyzed: weight variation, nutritional intervention, infectious complications, and length of hospital stay. The analysis of variables was performed with SPSS Statistics 20. Results: 745 patients were evaluated, 373 were girls (50.1%). Median age was 7.3 years. Mean hospital stay was 4 days (1- 123). Among the patients, 5.9% were emaciated, 56.4% eutrophic, 16.8% overweight, and 20.9% obese. Thirteen percent of the patients had short stature. Nutritional risk was detected using HTNP in 50.7% of the admitted patients. The most frequent underlying diseases were heart disease and cancer. In patients at nutritional risk: mean hospital stay was 5 days, 13.5% had hospital-acquired infections, 68% maintained or gained weight during the hospital stay, 13.5% required nutritional support (gavage was the most frequently used in 59%). Conclusions: Hospitalized children are in a vulnerable situation, therefore nutritional screening and evaluation are key actions to prevent nutritional deterioration. In children with malnutrition, the Clinical Nutritionist, as a member of the health care team, plays a key role in promoting and guaranteeing the right of patients to adequate food and thus improve their nutritional condition (AU)

Preliminary results of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer in asymptomatic participants / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Low dose computed tomography (LDCT) is the best method for early diagnosis of lung cancer. Even though it has been widely used in clinic, the selection of screening objects and the management scheme of pulmonary nodules are still not unified among research institutions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of LDCT in detection effect and follow-up process for pulmonary nodules in asymptomatic participants.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 600 asymptomatic participants (37 to 82 years old), who came from Yantian District People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, received LDCT. The lung nodules were categorized into positive nodules and semi-positive nodules, and according to the density of positive nodules they were categorized into 4 types: solid nodules (SN), partial solid nodules (pSN), pure ground glass nodules (pGGN), and pleural nodules (PN). The number, detection rate, imaging findings, follow-up change of lung nodules, and the postoperative pathological results of positive nodules were recorded and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Lung nodules were found in 221 cases by LDCT. The total detection rate of lung nodule was 13.8% (221/1 600), and the detection rate in positive nodules was 4.9% (79/1 600). The detected nodules were mainly single (173 cases), solid (133 cases) and semi-positive nodules (142 cases). Most of nodules (177 cases) had no change in the follow-up process. The enlargement and/or increased density of nodules (5 cases) were lung cancer. Pathological results were obtained in 10 cases, 8 cases were malignant (1 small cell lung cancer and 7 adenocarcinomas), 2 cases were benign (cryptococcal infection and alveolar epithelial dysplasia). The detection rate of lung cancer was 0.5% (8/1 600), and the proportion of early lung cancer was 75% (6/8).@*CONCLUSIONS@#LDCT screening can identify and increase the detection rate in the early lung cancer, which is an effective screening method. It is safe and feasible to take regular follow-up and re-examination for nodules with diameter less than 5 mm. When the size and or density of nodule increases, it indicates the malignant prognosis of the nodule and timely clinical intervention is needed.

Analysis of lung cancer screening through low-dose spiral computed tomography among petroleum company staffs in Sichuan-Chongqing Area in 2020 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To provide scientific evidence for early lung cancer screening, to analyze the incidence of pulmonary nodules among petroleum company staffs in Sichuan-Chongqing Area. Methods: In January 2021 , 6002 petroleum company staffs in Sichuan-Chongqing Area which scanned by low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) of chest in medical examination center in 2020 were retrospectively collected as objects. Their imaging and clinical data were collected. χ(2) test was used to analyze the differences in the detection rates of lung nodules and suspected lung cancer nodules among workers in petroleum company staffs of different genders, ages and types of work. Results: Among the 6002 objects, 3853 (64.2%) were male and 2149 (35.8%) were female, with an average age of (47.25±12.13) years old. A total of 431 cases (7.2%) of pulmonary nodules and 57 cases (0.9%) of suspected lung cancer nodules were detected. 45 cases were followed up with surgical treatment, and 41 cases (91.1%) of lung cancer were diagnosed by postoperative pathology. There were significant differences in the detection rates of pulmonary nodules and suspected lung cancer nodules between different age groups (χ(2)=51.23, 18.81 , P<0.001). The detection rates of pulmonary nodules in the age groups 51-60 years old and ≥61 years old were higher than those in the age groups≤40 years old and 41-50 years old (P<0.05). The detection rate of suspected lung cancer nodules in the age group≥ 61 years old was higher than those in the age groups≤40 years old, 41-50 years old and 51-60 years old (P< 0.05) . And the detection rate of suspected lung cancer pulmonary nodules in oil workers was higher than that of ordinary workers (P<0.05) . Among female objects, the detection rate of pulmonary nodules in oil workers was higher than that in ordinary workers (χ(2)=8.09, P=0.004) . The detection rate of pulmonary nodules in oil workers aged ≥61 years old was higher than ordinary workers (χ(2)=37.94, P<0.001) . Among male objects, the detection rate of suspected lung cancer pulmonary nodules in oil workers was higher than that in ordinary workers (χ(2)=8.42, P=0.004) . The detection rates of suspected lung cancer pulmonary nodules in oil workers aged 51-60 years old and ≥61 years old groups were higher than those of ordinary workers (χ(2)=4.70, 8.74; P=0.030, 0.003) . Conclusion: LDCT is suitable for early lung cancer screening for petroleum company staffs. During the clinical screening process, LDCT should be used as a routine physical examination item for petroleum workers older than 51 years old.

Performance of point-of-care testing for cervical cancer screening / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the performance of point-of-care testing for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions screening. Methods: In September 2020, 197 and 273 women were selected by using simple random sampling method from "self-sampling" cohort and "physician-sampling" cohort established in Xiangyuan county, Shanxi Province, China, respectively. Cervical exfoliated cells were collected by women themselves or gynecologists. All samples were detected by POCT and women with positive result were directly referred for colposcopy. Subsequently, all the samples were detected by careHPV and PCR test. Colposcopy and punch biopsy were performed for women with POCT negative but careHPV or PCR test positive at another visit. Using histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard, we calculated sensitivity, specificity and drew the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The accuracy of POCT was analyzed and compared to that of careHPV and conventional PCR test in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions screening. Results: The median (Q1 , Q3) age of 470 women was 51 (45, 57) years old. Based on self-sampling, the sensitivity and specificity of POCT for CIN2+ were 100.00% (95%CI: 56.56%-100.00%) and 28.95% (95%CI: 22.97%-35.76%), respectively. Compared with POCT, POCT HPV16/18 test had similar sensitivity and higher specificity of 89.47% (95%CI: 84.30%-93.08%). Self-sampling POCT HPV16/18 test had an AUC of 0.947 (95%CI:0.910-0.985), which was higher than that of careHPV and PCR test. Physician-sampling POCT test had 100.00% sensitivity (95%CI: 64.57%-100.00%) and 55.85% specificity (95%CI: 49.83%-61.70%) for detecting CIN2+. POCT HPV16/18 test had lower sensitivity (71.43%, 95%CI: 35.90%-91.76%) and higher specificity (92.45%, 95%CI: 88.63%-95.06%). POCT HPV16/18 test generally showed similar AUC on both self-collected samples and clinician-collected samples (0.947 vs 0.819, P=0.217). Conclusion: POCT HPV16/18 test is an effective method with relatively high sensitivity and specificity for cervical cancer screening.

Efficacy comparison among high risk factors questionnaire and Asia-Pacific colorectal screening score and their combinations with fecal immunochemical test in screening advanced colorectal tumor / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of high risk factors questionnaire (HRFQ), Asia-Pacific colorectal screening (APCS) score and their combinations with fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in screening advanced colorectal neoplasia, in order to provide an evidence for further optimization of cancer screening program. Methods: A retrospective cohort study method was used to summarize and analyze the results of colorectal tumor screening in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province from March 2017 to July 2018. Those with severe diseases that were not suitable for colonoscopy and those with mental and behavioral abnormalities who can not cooperate with the screening were excluded. Those who met any one or more of the followings in the HRFQ questionnaire were classified as high-risk people of HRFQ: (1) first-degree relatives with a history of colorectal cancer; (2) subjects with a history of cancer or any other malignant tumor; (3) subjects with a history of intestinal polyps; (4) those with two or more of the followings: chronic constipation (constipation lasted for more than 2 months per year in the past two years), chronic diarrhea (diarrhea lasted for more than 3 months in the past two years, and the duration of each episode was more than one week), mucus and bloody stools, history of adverse life events (occurring within the past 20 years and causing greater trauma or distress to the subject after the event), history of chronic appendicitis or appendectomy, history of chronic biliary disease or cholecystectomy. In this study, those who were assessed as high risk by HRFQ were recorded as "HRFQ (+)", and those who were not at high risk were recorded as "HRFQ (-)". The APCS questionnaire provided risk scores based on 4 risk factors including age, gender, family history and smoking: (1) age: 2 points for 50-69 years old, 3 points for 70 years old and above; (2) gender: 1 point for male, 0 point for women; (3) family history: 2 points for first-degree relatives suffering from colorectal cancer; (4) smoking: 1 point for current or past smoking, 0 point for non-smokers. The population was divided into low-risk (0-1 point), intermediate-risk (2-3 points), and high-risk (4-7 points). Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS were recorded as "APCS (+)", and those with intermediate and low risk were recorded as "APCS (-)". The hemoglobin threshold for a positive FIT was set to 100 μg/L. Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS with positive FIT were recorded as "APCS+FIT (+)". Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS with negative FIT, those who were assessed by APCS as low-middle risk with positive FIT, and those who were assessed by APCS as low-middle with negative FIT were all recorded as "APCS+FIT(-)". Observation indicators in this study were as follows: (1) the screening compliance rate of the cohort and the detection of advanced colorectal tumors; (2) positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of HRFQ and APCS and their combination with FIT for screening advanced colorectal tumors; (3) comparison of the detection rate between HRFQ and APCS questionnaire for different colorectal lesions. Using SPSS 21.0 software, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the clinical value of HRFQ and APCS combined with FIT in screening advanced colorectal tumors. Results: From 2017 to 2018 in Jiashan County, a total of 53 268 target subjects were screened, and 42 093 people actually completed the questionnaire, with a compliance rate of 79.02%. A total of 8145 cases underwent colonoscopy. A total of 3607 cases among HRFQ positive population (5320 cases) underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 67. 80%; 8 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 88 cases were advanced colorectal adenoma. A total of 2977 cases among APCS positive population (11 942 cases) underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 24.93%; 17 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 148 cases were advanced colorectal adenoma. The positive rate of HRFQ screening was lower than that of APCS [12.6% (5320/42 093) vs. 28.4% (11 942/42 093), χ2=3195. 547, P<0.001]. In the FIT positive population (6223 cases), a total of 4894 cases underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 78.64%; 34 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 224 cases were advanced adenoma. The positive predictive values of HRFQ and APCS and their combination with FIT for screening advanced colorectal tumors were 2.67%, 5.54%, 5.44%, and 8.56%; negative predictive values were 94.89%, 96.85%, 96.11% and 96.99%; sensitivity was 29.27%, 50.30%, 12.20 % and 39.02%; specificity was 55.09%, 64.03%, 91.11% and 82.51%, respectively. The ROC curves constructed by HRFQ, APCS, FIT, HRFQ+FIT and APCS+FIT indicated that APCS+FIT presented the highest efficacy in screening advanced colorectal tumors (AUC: 0.608, 95%CI: 0.574-0.642). The comparison of the detection rates of different colorectal lesions between HRFQ and APCS questionnaires showed that there were no significant differences in detection rate of inflammatory polyps and hyperplastic polyps between the two questionnaires (both P>0.05). However, as compared to HRFQ questionnaire, APCS questionnaire had higher detection rates in non-advanced adenomas [26.10% (777/2977) vs. 19.43% (701/3607), χ2=51.228, P<0.001], advanced adenoma [4.97% (148/2977) vs. 2.44% (88/3607), χ2=30.249, P<0.001] and colorectal cancer [0.57% (17 /2977) vs. 0.22% (8/3607), χ2=5.259, P=0.022]. Conclusions: APCS has a higher detection rate of advanced colorectal tumors than HRFQ. APCS combined with FIT can further improve the effectiveness of advanced colorectal tumor screening.

Effectiveness of different screening strategies for type 2 diabete on preventing cardiovascular diseases in a community-based Chinese population using a decision-analytic Markov model / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effectiveness of different screening strategies for type 2 diabetes to prevent cardiovascular disease in a community-based Chinese population from economically developed areas based on the Chinese electronic health records research in Yinzhou (CHERRY) study.@*METHODS@#A Markov model was used to simulate different systematic diabetes screening strategies, including: (1) screening among Chinese adults aged 40-70 years recommended by the 2020 Chinese Guideline for the prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (Strategy 1); (2) screening among Chinese adults aged 35 to 70 years recommended by the 2022 American Diabetes Association Standard of Medical Care in Diabetes (Strategy 2); and (3) screening among Chinese adults aged 35-70 years with overweight or obesity recommended by the 2021 United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement on Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes (Strategy 3). According to the guidelines, individuals who were screened positively (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L) would be introduced to intensive glycemic targets management (glycated hemoglobin < 7.0%).The Markov model simulated different screening scenarios for ten years (cycles) with parameters mainly from the CHERRY study or published literature. Number of cardiovascular disease events or deaths could be prevented and number needed to screen (NNS) were calculated to compare the effectiveness of the different strategies. One-way sensitivity analysis on the sensitivity of screening methods and probabilistic sensitivity analysis on uncertainties of diabetes incidence, the sensitivity of screening methods, and intensive glycemic management effects were conducted.@*RESULTS@#Totally 289 245 Chinese adults aged 35-70 years without cardiovascular diseases or diagnosed diabetes at baseline were enrolled. In terms of the number of cardiovascular disease events could be prevented, Strategy 1 for systematic diabetes screening among the adults aged 35-70 years was 222 (95%UI: 180-264), Strategy 2 for systematic diabetes screening among the adults aged 40-70 years was 227 (95%UI: 185-271), and Strategy 3 for systematic diabetes screening among the adults aged 35-70 years with obesity or overweight (body mass index ≥ 24 kg/m2) was 131 (95%UI: 98-164), compared with opportunistic screening. NNS per cardiovascular disease event for the strategies 1, 2 and 3 were 1 184 (95%UI: 994-1 456), 1 274 (95%UI: 1 067-1 564) and 814 (95%UI: 649-1 091), respectively. Compared with Strategy 1, NNS per cardiovascular disease event for Strategy 2 increased by 90 (95%UI: -197-381) with similar effectiveness of cardiovascular prevention; however, NNS per cardiovascular disease event for Strategy 3 was reduced by 460 (95%UI: 185-724) in contrast to the Strategy 2, suggesting that the Strategy 3 was more efficient. The results were consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses.@*CONCLUSION@#Systematic screening for diabetes based on the latest guidelines in economically developed areas of China can reduce cardiovascular events and deaths. However, merely lowering the starting age of screening from 40 to 35 years seems ineffective for preventing cardiovascular disease, while screening strategy for Chinese adults aged 35-70 years with overweight or obesity is recommended to improve efficiency.

Access to colposcopy in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: probabilistic linkage study of administrative data / Acesso à colposcopia no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: um estudo de relacionamento probabilístico de dados administrativos / Acceso a la colposcopía en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: estudio de vinculación probabilística con datos administrativos

Cervical cancer screening is a multistage process, therefore access to both the primary test and subsequent diagnostic procedures is essential. Considering women undergoing screening on the public health system in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, we aimed to estimate the proportion of women accessing colposcopy within six months of an abnormal smear result. We retrieved records from two administrative databases, the Information System on Uterine Cervical Cancer (SISCOLO) that contains smear results and the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SIA/SUS) that records colposcopies. A reference cohort consisted of women, aged 25 years or older, with an abnormal smear result between May 1, 2014, and June 30, 2014. We excluded prevalent cases. We linked the reference cohort and records in the SIA/SUS extending to December 31, 2014. After excluding prevalent cases, 1,761 women with abnormal cytology results were left. A total of 700 (39.8%) women were linked to a colposcopy record within the follow-up period; this dropped to 671 (38.1%) women when follow-up was censored at six months. We could notice a slightly higher attendance in women living in the metropolitan region of São Paulo compared with residents of the rest of the state. We found no association between colposcopy attendance and age or cytology class. These results emphasize that access to colposcopy in the public health system in São Paulo is limited. This compromises the quality of screening, and the issue needs to be prioritized in service planning.

A triagem do câncer de colo uterino é um processo que envolve múltiplas etapas. É essencial o acesso ao teste primário e aos procedimentos diagnósticos subsequentes. Com foco nas mulheres que fazem triagem no sistema de saúde pública no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, buscamos estimar a proporção daquelas que acessam a colposcopia dentro de seis meses após um resultado anormal no teste de Papanicolau. Recuperamos os registros de duas bases de dados administrativos: o Sistema de Informação do Controle do Câncer do Colo do Útero (SISCOLO), que contém os resultados de Papanicolau, e o Sistema de Informação Ambulatorial do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIA/SUS), com os registros das colposcopias. Uma coorte de referência foi constituída de mulheres com idade de 25 anos ou mais com Papanicolau anormal entre 1º de maio de 2014 e 30 de junho de 2014. Excluímos casos prevalentes. Relacionamos a coorte de referência aos registros no SIA/SUS, estendendo até 31 de dezembro de 2014. Após a exclusão dos casos prevalentes, restaram 1.761 mulheres com citologia anormal. Setecentas delas (39,8%) foram relacionadas a um registro de colposcopia dentro do período de seguimento; esse número diminuiu para 671 (38,1%) quando o seguimento foi censurado aos seis meses. Foi observada uma cobertura ligeiramente maior entre mulheres residentes na Grande São Paulo, em comparação com mulheres residentes do interior do estado. Não houve associação entre realização de colposcopia e idade ou classe citológica. Os resultados destacam o acesso restrito à colposcopia no sistema público de saúde no Estado de São Paulo. O cenário compromete a qualidade da triagem, e a questão deve ser priorizada no planejamento dos serviços.

Las pruebas de detección del cáncer cervical forman parte de un proceso multietapa. El acceso a tanto el test primario, como a los subsiguientes procedimientos de diagnóstico, es esencial. Considerando a las mujeres que se realizan las pruebas de detección en el sistema público de la salud en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, el objetivo del estudio fue estimar la proporción de mujeres que acceden a una colposcopía dentro de los seis meses, tras el resultado anormal en una citología. Recuperamos los registros de dos bases de datos administrativas: el Sistema de Información del Cáncer de Cuello de Útero (SISCOLO), que contiene resultados citológicos, y el Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del Sistema Único de Salud (SIA/SUS), que registra colposcopías. La cohorte de referencia consistía en mujeres, con 25 años de edad o mayores, quienes recibieron un resultado anormal en su citología entre el 1º mayo de 2014 y el 30 de junio 2014. Excluimos los casos prevalentes. Vinculamos la cohorte de referencia y los registros en la SIA/SUS, extendiéndolos hasta el 31 de diciembre 2014. Tras excluir los casos prevalentes, quedaron 1.761 mujeres con resultados citológicos anormales; 700 (39.8%), vinculados a un registro de colposcopía dentro del periodo de seguimient. Esta cifra cayó a 671 (38.1%) cuando el seguimiento fue censurado a los seis meses. Se observó una participación ligeramente superior en mujeres que viven en la región metropolitana de la gran São Paulo, comparada con los residentes del resto del estado. No hubo asociación entre la participación en la colposcopía y edad o tipo de citología. Estos resultados resaltan que el acceso a la colposcopía en el sistema público de São Paulo es limitado. Esto compromete la calidad de las pruebas de detección por lo que se necesita darles prioridad en la planificación de los servicios sanitarios.

Avaliação das ações de controle do câncer de colo do útero no Brasil e regiões a partir dos dados registrados no Sistema Único de Saúde / Evaluation of cervical cancer control actions within Brazil and its regions based on data recorded in the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Evaluación de las acciones de control del cáncer de cuello uterino en Brasil y regiones con base en los datos registrados en el Sistema Único de Salud

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a realização de exames de rastreamento e diagnóstico para o câncer de colo do útero entre mulheres de 25 e 64 anos, bem como o atraso para o início do tratamento no Brasil e suas regiões geográficas no período de 2013 a 2020. As informações sobre os procedimentos e as estimativas populacionais foram obtidas nos sistemas de informações do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS). Foram calculados indicadores de cobertura do exame de Papanicolau, os percentuais de exames citopatológicos e histopatológicos alterados, e o percentual de mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer do colo do útero tratadas com mais de 60 dias. Houve grande variação na cobertura do exame de Papanicolau entre as regiões brasileiras com tendência de declínio a partir de 2013, agudizada de 2019 para 2020. O número registrado de exames citopatológicos alterados foi 40% inferior ao estimado e a diferença entre o número registrado de diagnósticos de câncer e o estimado menor que 50%. O percentual das mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer invasivo do colo do útero que iniciaram o tratamento após 60 dias variou entre 50% na Região Sul a 70% na Região Norte, com diminuição a partir de 2018. Em 2020, houve retração do número de exames de rastreamento e de seguimento com diminuição da proporção de mulheres com atraso para o início do tratamento nas regiões Norte, Sudeste e Sul. A queda na cobertura do rastreamento e o seguimento inadequado de mulheres com resultados alterados indicam a necessidade de aprimorar as estratégias de detecção precoce da doença e estabelecer mecanismos de avaliação e monitoramento constante das ações.

This study analyzes the performance of screening and diagnosis tests for cervical cancer among women aged 25 to 64 years, as well as the delay for the initiation of treatment within Brazil and in its geographic regions, from 2013 to 2020. Information on populational procedures and estimates was obtained from the information systems of the Brazilian Unified National Health System and the Brazilian National Supplementary Health Agency. We calculated the coverage indicators of the Pap smear, the percentages of altered cytopathological and histopathological tests, and the percentage of women diagnosed with cervical cancer with over 60 days of treatment. There was great variation in the coverage of the Pap smear test among the Brazilian regions with a downward trend from 2013, which was aggravated from 2019 to 2020. The number of altered cytopathological tests was 40% lower than estimated, and the difference between the recorded number of cancer diagnoses and the estimated number of patients was below 50%. The percentage of women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer, who started treatment after 60 days, ranged from 50% in the South to 70% in the North Region with a decrease from 2018. In 2020, there was a decrease in the number of screening and follow-up tests, reducing the proportion of women delayed in starting treatment in the North, Southeast, and South regions. The decline in screening coverage and inadequate follow-up of women with altered results indicate the need to improve early detection strategies for the disease and establish mechanisms for constant evaluation and monitoring of actions.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el desempeño de las pruebas de detección y diagnóstico de cáncer de cuello uterino entre mujeres de 25 a 64 años, así como el retraso en el inicio del tratamiento en Brasil y en sus regiones geográficas en el período entre el 2013 y el 2020. La información sobre los procedimientos y las estimaciones poblacionales se obtuvo de los sistemas de información del Sistema Único de Salud y de la Agencia Nacional de Salud Complementaria. Se calcularon indicadores de cobertura de la prueba de Papanicolaou, los porcentajes de exámenes citopatológicos e histopatológicos alterados y el porcentaje de mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de cuello uterino sometidas a tratamiento por más de 60 días. Hubo una gran variación en la cobertura de la prueba de Papanicolaou entre las regiones brasileñas, con tendencia a la disminución a partir del 2013, agudizada del 2019 al 2020. El número registrado de exámenes citopatológicos alterados fue un 40% inferior al estimado, y la diferencia entre el número registrado de diagnósticos de cáncer y el estimado fue menor al 50%. El porcentaje de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de cuello uterino invasivo que comenzaron el tratamiento después de 60 días varió del 50% en la Región Sur al 70% en la Región Norte, con una disminución a partir del 2018. En el 2020, hubo una retracción en el número de exámenes de detección y seguimiento, con una disminución en la proporción de mujeres con retraso en el inicio del tratamiento en las regiones Norte, Sudeste y Sur. La reducción en la cobertura de la detección y el seguimiento inadecuado de las mujeres con resultados alterados indican la necesidad de mejorar las estrategias de detección temprana de la enfermedad y establecer mecanismos de evaluación y seguimiento constante de las acciones.

Análisis del uso de las técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de cáncer cervicouterino en Chile / Analysis of the use of screening techniques for the detection of cervical cancer in Chile

El Cáncer Cervicouterino es una de las principales problemáticas en salud de las mujeres a nivel mundial. Las técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de Cáncer Cervicouterino han ido desarrollándose a través de la historia reciente tanto intencionada como casualmente, incorporando con cada nuevo descubrimiento a las nuevas tecnologías. Actualmente existen diversos procedimientos vigentes que van desde pruebas sencillas de inspección visual, pasando por las tradicionales muestras citológicas, hasta la utilización de tecnología molecular, y los usos que se les dan a estos métodos de cribado potencian la detección temprana del Cáncer Cervicouterino, razón por lo cual se realiza una revisión respecto de las técnicas de tamizajes disponibles y su aplicación en Chile.

Cervical Cancer is one of the main problems in women's health worldwide. Screening techniques for the detection of Cervical Cancer have been developed throughout recent history both intentionally and incidentally, incorporating new technologies with each new discovery. Currently there are various procedures in force that range from simple visual inspection tests, through traditional cytological samples, to the use of molecular technology, and the uses that are given to these screening methods enhance the early detection of Cervical Cancer, which is why which is carried out a review regarding the available screening techniques and their application in Chile.

From rural practice to national strategy for colorectal cancer screening in China--Mr. Zheng Shu who is a pioneer and practitioner / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Haining City and Jiashan County in Zhejiang Province are the first areas to carry out colorectal cancer screening in China, which started in the early 1970s and has been going on for more than 40 years. Meanwhile, Haining and Jiashan have also become the first batch of National Demonstration Bases for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. In the past 40 years, owing to Professor Zheng Shu who is brave and innovative, with an indomitable spirit, as well as the unremitting efforts and active exploration of all the team members, colorectal cancer screening which was unknown by the public and implemented with difficulties, has gradually been widely accepted and benefited the population. Today, remarkable achievements have been fulfilled in the colorectal cancer screening of Haining and Jiashan which has become the pioneer power in promoting the progress of colorectal cancer prevention and control in China and has certain influence both on China and the world. Meanwhile, a set of colorectal cancer screening strategies suitable for China has been explored and further promoted to be used nationwide, which is of great significance to the prevention and control of colorectal cancer in China. Looking forward to the future, the prevention and control of colorectal cancer in China is still difficult. We will continue to give full play to our existing advantages, not forget our original intention, move forward, explore innovation, and create greater glories!

Métodos de rastreo del cáncer de colon / Colon cancer screening methods

El cáncer colorrectal presenta un problema para la salud pública a nivel mundial. En Argentina, se diagnostican aproximadamente 13.500 casos cada año. El tamizaje como medida de prevención secundaria es una medida beneficiosa para lograr un abordaje temprano con mejores resultados. Los dos métodos más utilizados para el tamizaje son la videocolonoscopía y la prueba de sangre oculta en materia fecal, sobre todo la de tipo inmunoquímico que con el paso de los años fue reemplazando a la prueba de guayaco por su mayor practicidad. El primero es un método invasivo y que requiere anestesia, mientras que el segundo no tiene un efecto adverso directo pero debe realizarse con una cadencia mayor. El objetivo de los autores de este artículo fue evaluar la evidencia sobre la sensibilidad y especificidad de ambos métodos, como también sus beneficios y daños a partir de la consulta de un paciente a su médico de familia. Ninguna prueba parecería ser inferior para el tamizaje de cáncer colorrectal en una población de riesgo promedio, y ambas pueden usarse en programas de rastreo. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que comparen ambos métodos de manera directa, y toda prueba inmunoquímica fecal positiva debe ser seguida de una colonoscopía. La elección de la prueba puede depender de los valores y preferencias de los pacientes. (AU)

Colorectal cancer presents a public health problem worldwide. In Argentina, approximately 13,500 cases appear each year. Screening as a secondary prevention measure is a beneficial measure to achieve an early approach with better results. The two most used methods for screening are video colonoscopy and faecal immunochemical test, the former being invasiveand requiring anaesthesia, while the latter does not have a direct adverse effect but must be performed at a higher rate. The objective of this article was to evaluate the evidence for the sensitivity and specificity of both methods, as well as their benefits and harms. No test would appear to be inferior for colorectal cancer screening in an average-risk population, and both can be used in screening programs. However, there are no studies comparing both methods directly, and any positive faecal immunochemical test should be evaluated with a colonoscopy. The choice of the test may depend on the values and preferences of the patients. (AU)

Screening tool for restrictive and obstructive ventilatory abnormalities in a population-based survey

Abstract Background: A 6 s spirometry with an inexpensive pocket spirometer efficiently selects individuals for a diagnostic-quality spirometry for airflow limitation, but could also be useful to identify individuals with a restrictive pattern. Objectives: We evaluated an inexpensive simplified spirometer (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]-6) as a screening tool to identify spirometric abnormalities. Methods: A population-based survey in Mexico City, with 742 participants performing pre- and post-BD spirometry and a three-maneuver 6 s spirometry (pre-BD) with a COPD-6. We evaluated forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV6, and FEV1/FEV6 from the COPD-6, crude and expressed as the percentage of predicted (%P), to discriminate post-bronchodilator airflow obstruction (FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC] <5th percentile) or restriction (FVC or FEV1 <5th percentile with normal FEV1/FVC) through receiver operating characteristics and their area under the curve (AUC). Results: FEV1%P was the best predictor to identify pre- and post-BD ventilatory abnormalities (best cutoff point 87%P, AUC 92% for restrictive pattern, 89% for obstructive pattern, and 91% for any spirometric abnormality). Deriving to clinical spirometry only those with <87%P (26% of the sample) missed only 12% of spirometric abnormalities most of the latter mild. Conclusions: An FEV1 <87%P from a pre-BD 6 s spirometry correctly identified individuals with spirometric ventilatory defects, either obstructive or restrictive.

Evaluación del estado nutricional en pacientes críticos mediante dos Índices de riesgo nutricional / Assessment of nutritional status in critical ill patients by means of two Nutritional Risk Indexes

Introducción: Se desconoce qué marcadores de riesgo nutricional estratifican mejor el riesgo en pacientes críticos. Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo nutricional en pacientes críticos mediante dos escalas. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal, con 222 pacientes ingresados en la Terapia 8B del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" (septiembre 2017 / mayo 2018). Se utilizaron el Control Nutricional (CONUT) y el Nutrition Risk in the Critically ill modificado (mNutric). Resultados: Según CONUT el 96,4 por ciento estaba desnutrido; según mNutric el 27,5 por ciento eran pacientes en alto riesgo nutricional. Hubo asociación entre las escalas (Kappa = 0,102). El 78.3 por ciento de los sobrevivientes eran bajo riesgo por mNutric (p=0,013). Hubo asociación entre la sepsis y la desnutrición por mNutric (p=0,013), no así entre la ventilación mecánica artificial (VMA) y la desnutrición estimada por dicha escala (p=0,116). No se encontraron diferencias entre la sepsis y la desnutrición según CONUT (p=0,126). Hubo diferencias entre la VMA en relación con la desnutrición según CONUT (p=0,027). La frecuencia de fallecidos se incrementó paralelo al grado de desnutrición según CONUT (p=0,004). La variable que más influyó sobre la mortalidad fue la VMA (OR= 8,5). Conclusiones: Según el CONUT, la mayoría de los pacientes estaban desnutridos, y según el mNutric, predominaron los pacientes en bajo riesgo nutricional. Se demostró el valor predictivo de muerte de la presencia de VMA. La desnutrición ligera y moderada y la variable no desnutrido de la escala CONUT, se consideraron categorías de menor riesgo de muerte con respecto a la desnutrición grave(AU)

Introduction: Nutritional status markers that better stratify risk in critically ill patients have yet to be established. Objective: To assess nutritional risk in critically ill patients through the use of two assessment scales. Material and Methods: A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 222 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (8B) at the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital from September, 2017 to May, 2018. The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) and the modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically ill (mNutric) were used. Results: According to CONUT, 96.4 percent of patients were alnourished; according to mNutric, 27.5 percent of patients were categorized as high nutritional risk. There was an association between the scales (Kappa = 0.102). Among survivors, 78.3 percent of patients were at low risk according to mNutric score (p=0,013). There was an association between sepsis and malnutrition due to mNutric (p = 0.013) versus artificial mechanical ventilation (AMV) and malnutrition estimated by this scale (p = 0.116). No differences were found between sepsis and malnutrition according to CONUT (p = 0.126). There were differences between the AMV in relation to malnutrition according to CONUT score (p = 0.027). The frequency of deaths increased in parallel to the degree of malnutrition according to CONUT (p = 0.004). AMV was the variable that most influenced mortality (OR = 8,5). Conclusions: According to CONUT, most of the patients were malnourished; according to mNutric, patients at low nutritional risk predominated. The predictive value of death in patients receiving AMV was demonstrated. The light and moderate malnutrition and the variable related with the not malnourished group (CONUT scale) were considered as categories associated with lower risk of death with regard to severe malnutrition(AU)

Exactitud diagnóstica de la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo: consecuencias del tamizaje en mujeres mexicanas / Diagnostic accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: consequences of screening in Mexican women

Resumen Introducción: La depresión posparto es un episodio depresivo no psicótico con repercusiones graves en el vínculo de la madre con su hijo, de ahí la importancia de detectarla oportunamente. Objetivo: Determinar la exactitud de la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo como prueba diagnóstica y analizar las consecuencias del tamizaje y la probabilidad de depresión después de aplicar la prueba. Método: Tamizaje con la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo a 411 mujeres durante el posparto; se utilizó el Inventario de Depresión de Beck como referencia. Resultados: En un punto de corte de 12, con la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo se obtuvo sensibilidad de 70.4 %, especificidad de 72.2 %, valor predictivo positivo de 36.9 % y valor predictivo negativo de 91.4 %, así como un valor del área bajo la curva de 0.729 y p = 0.0003. De 49 mujeres sin atención para depresión posparto, en cinco se identificó que la necesitaban. Conclusiones: La Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo tiene una exactitud moderada; su aplicación es sencilla, accesible y debería ser rutinaria. Es necesario que en México se implementen estrategias para detectar y tratar la depresión posparto.

Abstract Introduction Postpartum depression is a non-psychotic depressive episode with serious repercussions on the bond between the mother and her child, hence the importance of detecting it in a timely manner. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as a diagnostic test and to analyze the consequences of screening and the probability of depression after applying the test. Method: Screening of 411 women with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale during the postpartum period; Beck's Depression Inventory was used as reference. Results: At a cutoff point of 12, a sensitivity of 70.4 %, specificity of 72.2 %, positive predictive value of 36.9 % and negative predictive value of 91.4 % were obtained with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, as well as an area under the curve of 0.729 and a p-value of 0.0003. Out of 49 women without treatment for postpartum depression, five were identified to require it. Conclusions: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale has moderate accuracy; its application is simple, accessible and should be routine. It is necessary for strategies to detect and treat postpartum depression to be implemented in Mexico.